The American Civil War took place between 1861 and 1865, after which the Union was preserved. Rhetorical or hyperbolic references to a potential Second American Civil War have since been made on a number of occasions throughout the history of the United States.
Interpretations[edit]The 1861–1865 war as Second American Civil War[edit]
Some historians name the 1861–1865 war as the Second American Civil War, since the American Revolutionary War could be considered a civil war (since the term can refer to any war to separate one political body from another). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the First American Civil War.[1][2] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.[3][4][5][6] As Canadian historian William Stewart Wallace noted:
It must be admitted that the Loyalists were guilty during the war of some unpleasant atrocities. But so were some of the Revolutionists. No one can take pride in tracing descent to the worst of the Green Mountain Boys, any more than to Bloody Bill Cunningham and his gang or to the raiders of Cherry Valley. And it is fair to remember that the Loyalists had been driven from their homes, that their property had been confiscated, and that they and their families had been subjected to persecution. They would have been hardly human had they not waged a mimic warfare. At the same time, it is no more surprising that after the war the victorious Revolutionists treated the Loyalists with scant generosity. They too would have been hardly human had they done otherwise.[7]'
As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that, 'Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties.. . '[8] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is making its way to classrooms on both sides of the Atlantic.[9][10][11]
Reconstruction as Second American Civil War[edit]
After the American Civil War, the federal government started in 1865-1877 a process called Reconstruction, which aimed to restore the South to the Union and update the federal and state governance in accordance with the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Due to severity of the social, political and constitutional challenges and conflicts of the Reconstruction Era, the Reconstruction is sometimes called the Second Civil War.[12][13] The term was cemented by the American Experience episode 'Reconstruction: The Second Civil War'[14] and made its way to the school curriculum.[15]
Culture war as Second American Civil War[edit]
In the 21st century, during an alleged ongoing culture war between American conservatives and liberals over opposing cultural, moral, and religious ideals, conservative Dennis Prager, claimed that Americans are actually in the midst of the Second Civil War, albeit not necessarily violent.[16] While acknowledging that extreme partisan politics on Capitol Hill, accompanied by related commonplace verbal and occasional physical acts of aggression in the streets, are tearing apart the fabric of American society,[17][18][19][20] political and social commentators point to the fact that culture wars cycles are imminent to the process of replenishing American values, and the first such cycle started after George Washington's retirement,[21] and that Americans have to find 'America's middle again and return to civility.'[22]
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BrazilSee also[edit]References[edit]
Kaiserreich Brazil Civil War Youtube
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